ABSTRACT
Objective@#To develop the Daily Stressor Evaluation Questionnaire for Primary School Students and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.@*Methods@#In November 2020, a convenience sampling method was used to conduct semi structured interviews with 10 primary school students in Jiading District, Shanghai. Through literature review, semi structured interviews, and expert consultation, 59 question items were developed, and 138 elementary school students in 2 districts in Shanghai were selected for a pre survey in March 2021, and the formal questionnaire was formed after item screening and parallel analysis. Stratified cluster sampling was used to survey a total of 1 618 fourth and fifth grade students enrolled in five elementary schools in Jiading District, Shanghai from April to May, 2021, to further test the reliability of the questionnaire.@*Results@#The Daily Stressor Evaluation Questionnaire for Primary School Students contained 4 dimensions and 22 items in total. The internal consistency test showed that cronbach α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.904 and Cronbach α coefficient of each dimension was between 0.689 to 0.803. The Guttman split half reliability was 0.885 and ranged from 0.582 to 0.732 for each dimension. The results of the validation factor analysis showed that the χ 2/df of the questionnaire was less than 4, the root mean square error of approximation was less than 0.08, and the Tueker Lewis index and comparative fit index were above 0.80. The critical value of using the ROC curve to evaluate the questionnaire was 31 points. At this point, the area under the curve was determined to be 0.783, while the sensitivity and specificity were found to be 71.43% and 73.39%, respectively. Additionally, the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated to be 23.26% and 95.79%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The Daily Stressor Evaluation Questionnaire for Primary School Students developed in this study has good reliability and validity and can be used as an assessment tool for evaluating stressors in primary school students.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation between drinking behavior and polymorphism combination of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genes and oral squamous cell carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The genetic polymorphisms of EC-SOD and ALDH2 were analyzed by polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction technique in peripheral blood leukocytes of 750 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases and 750 non-cancer controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of EC-SOD (C/G) and ALDH2 variant genotypes were 38.27% and 69.47% in oral squamous cell carcinoma cases and 21.07% and 44.40% in healthy controls, respectively. Statistical tests showed significant difference in the frequencies between the two groups (P < 0.01). The risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma with EC-SOD (C/G) was significantly higher than that of controls (OR = 2.32). Individuals carrying ALDH2 variant genotypes had high risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 2.85). Combined analysis of the polymorphisms showed that percentages of EC-SOD (C/G)/ALDH2 variant genotypes in oral squamous cell carcinoma and control groups were 30.67% and 6.80%, respectively (P < 0.01). Individuals carrying EC-SOD (C/G)/ALDH2 variant genotypes had high risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 8.13). The drinking rate of the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (OR = 2.70). Statistical analysis suggested an interaction between drinking and EC-SOD (C/G) and ALDH2 variant genotypes, which increase risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 25.00).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EC-SOD (C/G) and ALDH2 variant genotypes and drinking are the risk factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma, which could carry out a coordinated attack of oral squamous cell carcinoma.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Aldehyde Dehydrogenase , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Drinking , Genotype , Mouth Neoplasms , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Genetic , Risk Factors , Superoxide DismutaseABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation between the combination of smoking and the polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1-Msp I and glutathione S-transferase (GST) T1 genes and oral cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1-Msp I and GSTT1 were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in peripheral blood leukocytes of 300 oral cancer cases and 300 non-cancer controls, and the correlation between smoking, the two metabolic enzymes genetic polymorphisms and oral cancer were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of CYP1A1-Msp I (m2/m2) and GSTT1(-) were 38.33% and 69.33% in oral cancer cases and 21.00% and 44.33% in healthy controls respectively. Statistical tests showed significant difference in the frequencies between the two groups (P<0.01). The risk of oral cancer with CYP1A1-Msp I (m2/m2) was significantly higher than that of controls (OR= 2.34, 95%CI 1.76-4.07). The individuals who carried with GSTT1(-) had a high risk of oral cancer(OR=2.84, 95% CI 1.98-4.54). Combined analysis of the polymorphisms showed that percentage of CYP1A1-Msp I (m2/m2)/GSTT1(-) in oral cancer and control groups was 30.67% and 6.67% respectively (P<0.01). The people who carried with CYP1A1-Msp I (m2/m2)/GSTT1(-) had a high risk of oral cancer(OR=8.27, 95%CI 3.63-11.29). The smoking rate of the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (OR=2.71, 95%CI 1.31-4.52, P<0.01), and statistic analysis suggested an interaction between smoking and CYP1A1-Msp I (m2/m2)/GSTT1(-) genotypes polymorphisms which increased risk of oral cancer (OR=25.00, 95%CI 11.87-35.64).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CYP1A1-Msp I (m2/m2) and GSTT1(-) are the risk factors in oral cancer. Smoking is also related to the susceptibility to oral cancer. There may be a synergetic interaction among CYP1A1-Msp I (m2/m2), GSTT1(-) and smoking on the elevated susceptibility of oral cancer.</p>